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Quality Care Close To Home |
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The Clinical View By Phillip E. Hoffsten 19 Sept 2002 PAP SMEARS FOR CERVICAL CANCER – WHO NEEDS THEM? Rural Health, Inc. which operates clinics in Murdo, Highmore, Onida, and Gettysberg is participating with twelve other clinic systems in the United States to develop programs for prevention of cancer. Note and salute that wonderful word “prevention”. This does not mean treat cancer after it is already there. It means stopping the cancer from ever coming to begin with, a very noble goal. Several weeks ago a column was written on colon cancer and its prevention through screening techniques using flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. This week’s column is devoted to the topic of cervical cancer. Based on the pioneering studies by Dr. George Papanicolaou in the 1940’s, the incidence of invasive carcinoma of the cervix has dropped from over 60,000 cases per year to only 13,000 cases per year. Mortality from cancer of the cervix has dropped from over 30,000 deaths per year to only 4000 deaths per year, more than an 85% decrease. Over the past 60 years extensive use of the Pap smear has allowed early detection of cells that are predisposed to become cancer thereby allowing the problem to be dealt with before it ever becomes a cancer. It is estimated that 65,000 cases of premalignant abnormal Pap smears per year are effectively detected and treated to prevent invasive potentially fatal cervical cancer. Women generally look forward to a Pap smear with the same eagerness that a man looks forward to an examination of his prostate. Morbid horrible dread would seem to describe the feeling most women have about getting their Pap smear done. Thus, the fewer the better. Fortunately, the American Cancer Society has revised their recommendations down in the recent past offering the following schedule. The American Cancer Society recommends that women have their first Pap smear at age 18 or at the onset of sexual activity, which ever comes first (now there is a commentary on modern society). If three annual Pap smears are normal, then examinations should be done every two years through age 70, although some physicians feel that every three year examinations are safe and adequate. At age 70, if there have been no abnormal Pap smears for ten years, further Pap smears are not necessary. This recommendation is qualified by recognition of the major risk factor for development of cervical cancer. Specifically, the incidence of cervical cancer increases in proportion to the number of sexual partners that the lady has had. Alternatively the risk of cervical cancer increases in proportion to the number of sexual partners her husband has had. While this is a kind touchy point to make, it is simply related to the fact that cervical cancer is primarily caused by papilloma virus that is sexually transmitted. Thus women who have ever had a venereal infection or those with multiple sexual partners are those at greatest risk for cervical cancer. Those women should be screened more frequently as long as the risky behavior continues plus 20 years. In other words, papilloma virus does not cause cervical cancer right away. There is a long latent period before the cancer developes. Thus multiple sexual contacts at age 20 – 40 result in cervical cancers developing at age 45 – 65 years old. Other considerations include women using birth control pills. Annual pelvic exam and Pap smear are recommended in this setting. Lastly, while there are only 13,000 cervical cancers per year in the United States, there are 39,000 uterine cancers and 23,000 ovarian cancers. Pap smears do not detect uterine cancer or ovarian cancer reliably. Yearly physical exams and history review remain a strong recommendation even if a Pap smear is not done. A sobering consideration is the fact that at least 10% of Pap smears are read as normal when there is really an abnormality present. This is the rate of false negative tests even with the best techniques. If there are other findings suggestive of a problem, further evaluation is indicated even if the Pap smear is normal. Many women have hysterectomies
done for reasons other than cancer. If
there has never been an abnormal Pap
smear through the previous 15 years prior
to when a hysterectomy is done for
non-malignant reasons, then further Pap smears
are not useful. In other words, a
cervical Pap smear cannot be done if
there is no cervix. In the 1950’s
and 1960’s some hysterectomies were done
leaving the cervix in place. These
women should continue to receive Pap smears
if they still have a cervix.
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